**In south-west China, in the mountainous province of Guizhou, Reforest'Action and Hennessy are carrying out a project to restore forest ecosystems on degraded land, for the benefit of the villagers living nearby. In addition to restoring the area's ecological properties, the project is generating a real socio-economic impact by helping to improve the livelihoods of rural and traditional populations. Since spring 2022, more than 867,000 trees of diverse species have been planted to support the regeneration of a forest ecosystem in an area subject to rocky desertification. This is one of two projects financed in China by Maison Hennessy, Reforest'Action's first contributor since 2020, as part of its “Forest Destination program”.** 

![DSC06247_yk.jpg](/uploads/DSC_06247_yk_8e765fd694.jpg)

China's history has left its mark on the Guizhou landscape, or "precious land" in Chinese. Since 1958, the Great Leap Forward under Maoism, accompanied by a massive wave of migration, led to massive deforestation in favor of agricultural production and mining. In the 1980s, Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms only accelerated the clearing of new land and the impoverishment of the soil. Demographically, Guizhou is one of China's most diverse provinces, comprising many different ethnic groups, but it is also one of the country's poorest regions. Indeed, its extremely rocky and karst topography hinders economic development and makes agricultural production more difficult.

Despite the province's recent economic development, due in particular to the construction of a modern transport network and the growth of tourism, the restoration of forest ecosystems remains a top priority for the Chinese government. The aim is both to protect existing forests and to gradually reconvert agricultural land to forest while planting trees on bare land. The reforestation project, supported by Reforest'Action and Hennessy and carried out in the field by the Guangxi Chongzuo Linda Forestry company, is therefore perfectly aligned with China's national strategy.

## Reforesting mountains to combat rock desertification

The project is located in the Qinglong district of Guizhou province, within a natural site subject to rock desertification. This phenomenon characterizes the processes that transform a karst area into a rocky landscape almost devoid of soil and vegetation*. China is one of the countries suffering most from desertification in the world, with 2.61 million km2 impacted**, i.e. 27%, of the country's total surface area. The original forest that used to cover the project area disappeared many years ago, and the fragile soil is now covered by a few naturally-growing grasses and shrubs and is highly exposed to erosion. On this depleted soil, natural regeneration is not an option, and neither the communities nor the local institutions have sufficient funds to restore their land.

*Earth-Science Reviews, Volume 132, May 2014, Pages 1-12
**Estimation of the costs of desertification in China: a critical review, 2016

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### A three-fold objective

The project's objectives, to be implemented over a three-year period (2021-2024), focus on three main pillars.

**1 - Restoring degraded ecosystems**
The project aims to create a forest on communal land that is currently bare by planting a mix of five species native to the region. The existing vegetation, mainly grasses and shrubs, will be preserved as much as possible. In the long term, the planted trees will limit erosion and combat rock desertification, helping to regenerate the soil's ecological properties. The diversity of the species chosen will strengthen the area's resilience in the face of potential climatic or biological hazards. Last but not least, the newly-grown forest will store approximately 100,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent over a 30-year period.

**2 - Fostering native biodiversity**
The presence of trees, including a fruit species, will contribute to the development of habitats for the region's flora and fauna, which are essential to the ecosystem's long-term stability and adaptability. The region's remote, steep slopes have encouraged the emergence of numerous endemic species of birds, reptiles, and snakes, which will benefit from the habitat extension measures. Some specimens have already been spotted near the project’s planting sites.

**3 - Improving the villagers' socio-economic conditions**
In this rural area, opportunities for villagers to raise their standard of living are limited. All forestry work under the project will be carried out by local communities, mobilized in the field by our partner. In the years to come, the potential for harvesting fruit from the trees will also represent an interesting economic benefit for the population.

![DSC06656_yk.jpg](/uploads/DSC_06656_yk_d3ca8105c0.jpg)

### Review of the project's activities

Carried out manually by recruited villagers, the plantings began at the end of March 2022, with the onset of the rainy season, and were completed in June of the same year. A total of 571,641 trees were planted on 192 hectares during this first season. The second year of the project began in April 2023 and ended in December of the same year. The latest assessment carried out by our partner at the end of September 2023 showed that over 295,000 seedlings had already been planted, representing 54% of the 2022-2023 target.

With regard to the species mix, two species (Chinese fir and cypress) were planted in 2022 in equal proportions. Purchased from an external nursery, our partner experienced difficulties in obtaining seedlings for the other three species that were to be planted. To overcome this availability problem and meet the needs of the next two years, a nursery dedicated to the project was subsequently created. In 2023, seedlings of Chinese fir, cypress, honey locust, toona sinensis, and alder were produced by the Linda Forestry company team and planted on site. In the third quarter of 2023, to support the development of the project, the local government allowed our partner to set up its nursery in an area with a larger surface area, a better water supply, and more convenient transport conditions.

![Audit23.jpg](/uploads/Audit23_2cfd6f682c.jpg)
 
**The last field audit carried out by Reforest'Action in March 2023 made it possible to assess the survival rate of trees planted in 2022, which was 93.7%. The average tree height measured was 41.7 centimeters. As the Chinese fir and cypress are native species adapted to the local environment, they were found to be in good health. To maximize results, the Linda Forestry company systematically replaces trees that fail to survive by replanting them in the following planting seasons. However, climatic conditions in 2023 were not so favorable: rainfall was significantly lower than in 2022. A second field audit will be carried out by Reforest'Action in April 2024.** 

## Maximizing socio-economic impact to promote human well-being

Promoting human well-being is fundamental to the projects supported by Maison Hennessy. In China's Guizhou province, which struggles with rural poverty exacerbated by historical environmental degradation, the project developed by Reforest'Action directly benefits the livelihoods of ethnic minorities through the generation of additional income. The socio-economic impact is therefore a major pillar of our joint approach in China and will be monitored over the long term.

### Employment and income opportunities

Agriculture is the main economic driver in the province. That's why the people living in the villages of Zhebu, the first to be affected by the project, depend entirely on farming as a source of income. With the soil depletion, agricultural productivity is reduced, as are the villagers' means of subsistence. In 2022, the project provided employment opportunities for 324 villagers. Planters, nursery workers, vehicle drivers, and forest rangers were all recruited to carry out the restoration activities under the supervision of the Linda Forestry company. These direct beneficiaries, including 80% of women, earned money at the end of their contribution, enabling them to provide for their families. Besides, an estimated 7,696 people (workers' families and other villagers) indirectly benefited from the first wave of planting. The planted trees are monitored and maintained by ten forest rangers employed by our partner. Their role is to patrol the planting area on a daily basis to prevent potential degradation risks (fires, animals grazing, parasites, or diseases) and to take immediate action to minimize losses. They are also responsible for site maintenance (weeding, etc.). Over the three years of the project, taking all activities into account, up to 55,000 man-days of work will be required, for the benefit of villagers who wish to get involved.

In parallel, the project will contribute to the local economy by opening the way to tree product commercialization. Known as "zao jia", the Chinese honey locust is one of the fifty fundamental plants used in traditional Chinese pharmacopoeia. Its fruits, which are long, bean-like pods, and its thorns are used in the manufacture of cosmetics and medicinal products, but they can also be used to make paper. The leaves of the toona sinensis, another tree planted as part of the project, are used in traditional Chinese cooking. Once mature, the fruit or leaves of these trees will be harvested and sold by the communities, who will split the earnings, to companies that will process them. The villagers concerned could generate around $150,000 a year in additional income from the marketing of forest products.

![Planting 2.JPG](/uploads/Planting_2_a255d7f68b.JPG)

### Social commitment at the core of our activities

In order to facilitate and strengthen community participation in the project, our partner has implemented a comprehensive engagement process: upstream meetings introducing the project and its benefits to involve villagers, tree-planting training to initiate the public, regular updates on the project's achievements to ensure constant mobilization, etc. These initiatives reflect the importance of working hand in hand with local people, who are both the driving force and the beneficiaries of this restoration program. Once recruited, most of the workers were involved in the project's design: through community meetings, they had the opportunity to give their opinions and discuss future activities. In addition, from March to April 2022, prior to the planting phase, 280 beneficiaries took part in a half-day training session: technical requirements, seedling management, safety, and waste management were all on the agenda.

During the last audit, Reforest'Action gathered feedback from beneficiaries by conducting several interviews. All respondents were happy to be able to contribute to activities in the field and were motivated by the idea of ensuring the proper growth of trees. They understand the importance of trees in the fight against rocky desertification. They also mentioned the much-needed income they receive from the project. In addition, a feedback mechanism has been set up for participants to make any comments and/or suggestions regarding the project's course. This mechanism is fundamental to ensuring optimal implementation and monitoring of the project and is managed both by village representatives and the villagers' committee and by the Linda Forestry company.

![DSC06012_yk.jpg](/uploads/DSC_06012_yk_50c61793a8.jpg)

**Maison Hennessy has come to appreciate the central role of forest ecosystems in ensuring a sustainable future for future generations. In 2020, the company entered into a 10-year partnership with Reforest'Action. This long-term commitment enables the implementation of an ambitious, long-term program to contribute to the regeneration of 50,000 hectares of forest worldwide. The project to restore degraded mountain ecosystems in Guizhou province illustrates the Maison's commitment to promoting the ecosystem services provided by forests for the benefit of the local populations that depend on them.** 

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China: in the precious land of Guizhou, Maison Hennessy contributes to the fight against rocky desertification through reforestation

**In the Peruvian provinces of Lamas, El Dorado, and San Martín, Reforest'Action works in partnership with the CIGDES to support local farmers in setting up agroforestry systems on former abandoned grasslands. The second season of this three-year project came to an end in 2023. A year of intense work saw the planting of 600,000 trees of diverse native species for the maximum benefit of producers who are gradually reclaiming their now fertile land, where they are planting fruit and vegetables in agroforestry. However, faced with increasing drought and the threat of devastating ants, our partner had to redouble its efforts to ensure the survival of the trees. In addition to the future harvesting of tree products, alternative economic activities, such as community beekeeping, are being organized on the ground with the aim of increasing the livelihoods of communities.** 

The project supported by Reforest'Action and carried out in the field by the [Innovation and Management Center for Sustainable Development](https://www.cigdes.org/) (CIGDES) is located in three provinces of the San Martín region, at the gateway to the Peruvian Amazon: Lamas, El Dorado, and San Martín. Starting in summer 2021, the project has been running for over two years in an effort to restore vast areas of degraded pasturelands. The objective is to support and accompany landowners in the rehabilitation of their fallow land through the creation of diversified agroforestry systems. Local communities, for whom agriculture is one of the main means of subsistence, have been clearing the Amazon rainforest in recent decades in order to grow food crops and graze livestock. As a result of traditional farming practices, the land has gradually lost its original fertility until it was abandoned by farming and livestock-raising families. These former meadows have been overgrown with spontaneous vegetation and are now covered by several species of invasive ferns, which are particularly prone to fire in the summer. These phenomena prevent the natural regeneration of the forest. The project therefore aims to restore these abandoned lands by planting six to eight tree species (depending on the season) that will both encourage the future regeneration of the native rainforest and create productive, sustainable agroforestry systems for the benefit of local populations.

On the occasion of an audit carried out in August 2023, Juliet, Project Officer in Peru for Reforest'Action, was able to observe the first positive impacts of the project. [Beneficiaries from the Kichwa ethnic group,](https://www.reforestaction.com/en/magazine/northern-peru-agroforestry-revive-pachamama) involved in the first planting season, are now convinced of the need for restoration activities: their plots have been cleared of invasive ferns, the trees planted two years ago have grown well, and the return of biodiversity is already noticeable (birds, bees, insects, and macrofauna). Their enthusiasm has attracted other producers keen to support the regeneration of their land, so our partner no longer needs to promote the project among the communities, which are already motivated by the many economic and environmental benefits enjoyed by their neighbors. 

![Avant:Après.jpg](/uploads/Avant_Apres_be15185365.jpg)

![Avant:Après2.jpg](/uploads/Avant_Apres2_3ffef25b44.jpg)

## The second restoration season: involving local producer families in forestry activities

### Work carried out together with communities

During the 2022-2023 project season, 600,000 trees were planted - including Brazilian rubber, breadnut and mocambo tree, and even sweet pea - on over 300 hectares of degraded areas. Beneficiaries, representing 144 farming families newly enrolled in the project, were involved in the forestry work and took part in at least one of 36 training sessions covering planting techniques, plot maintenance, pest management, and more. 

Beyond planting, the ecological restoration process involves a range of varied, complex, and physical silvicultural tasks. The first step, among the most important, is to prepare the soil to receive the trees. This means removing all invasive ferns to minimize the impact of the ecological barrier they represent and to guarantee the growth and productivity of the future forest. This work is carried out by each producer on his own plots, assisted by two members of the CIGDES technical team. In the San Martín region, traditional farming organization is reflected in a variety of ways, most notably through the existence of mutual assistance days, known as "choba-choba" in the Kichwa language, and organized by the communal committee. These moments of solidarity are mainly intended to strengthen the harmony between people and natural cycles. The whole family takes part in these events, with everyone contributing according to their abilities and skills. Last season's "choba-choba" enabled landowners to benefit from collective help in completing the preparation of their land. A few days after the weeding was completed, a particular tree species, whose primary function is to prepare the soil, was planted: the pigeon pea, or Cajanus Cajan, of the fabaceae family. The aim of planting this species first is to provide shade on the plot, limit the growth of ferns and other weeds, and enrich the soil with plant biomass to create a microclimate conducive to the growth of young seedlings. 

![Luis 2023.jpg](/uploads/Luis_2023_ac4aefa1f4.jpg)

The second step is to install the multi-stage agroforestry system on the producers' plots. The task involves marking out the spatial distribution of plant units to know where to plant fruit and leguminous trees, with a view to creating the pre-established design. This activity is carried out by the CIGDES installation team with the participation of the families, who are at the same time trained in the technical operations of the conception process: taking measurements, using a contour line, aligning, orienting, picketing, and so on. Once the land is ready, the seedlings are transported from the nearest nursery to the area to be reforested, and planting work can begin. A notable improvement in the organization of this second season is the installation of 57 "flying nurseries" on beneficiaries' land, using locally sourced materials. The decentralization of seedling production means that seedlings can be delivered on time with fewer physical constraints. The location of the "flying nurseries" has been decided by the community, which takes responsibility for their maintenance and also acquires precious knowledge about the production of native Amazonian tree species.

![Pépinière volante.jpg](/uploads/Pepiniere_volante_e55ee3b6a1.jpg)
Tree production in a flying nursery on a farmer's land

Finally, the maintenance of the planted trees is an ongoing task that begins on the last day of planting. The CIGDES has a team of professionals dedicated to monitoring the survival of the planted trees and the success of the restoration process. Their mission is to support producers in their monitoring tasks and to train them through regular workshops on shade management, green manuring, pruning, fertilization, pest, and disease control, etc. In collaboration with Reforest'Action, the CIGDES also benefits from a digital mapping software system that enables them to monitor and trace the planted trees over time.

### Search for solutions to climatic and biotic hazards

The survival rate of the trees planted during the project's second season is about 92%. However, this high percentage reflects the continuous monitoring work of our partner, who systematically replants specimens that do not survive. While all the plots are currently in good phytosanitary condition, several challenges were experienced this year, making the restoration of the Amazonian rainforest more difficult.

The summer is getting hotter and hotter in the San Martín region, and the drought is a real challenge. Beneficiaries report how difficult it is to keep the trees alive in this context of climate change. Several measures have been put in place to mitigate the scarce rainfall, including the addition of hydrogel to the soil when the trees are planted to ensure better water retention. In addition, the production of extra seedlings in the CIGDES central nursery effectively overcame drought-related mortality. Another hazard, this time a biotic one, is the presence of devastating ants in the restoration area. To counter this scourge, the participation of some beneficiary producers, who applied biological ant repellents, was key. At the same time, the CIGDES and Reforest'Action decided to collaborate with national and international forestry institutions, such as the Spanish [National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology](https://www.inia.es/en-en/Pages/Home.aspx) (INIA) and the [Center for International Forestry Research](https://www.cifor.org/) (CIFOR). These partnerships will make it possible to gather scientific knowledge and find effective natural solutions to insect damage.

![Ant damage.jpg](/uploads/Ant_damage_01459b0a0b.jpg)
Ant damage on a young tree

## The socio-economic impact: promoting food security and alternative income generation

### Fruits and vegetables grown in agroforestry

Besides its environmental impact, the project includes a significant social component. Expected socio-economic benefits include improved food security for producer families. The agroforestry systems created as part of the project are made up of various productive species, including fruit trees, beans, and peas. These food products will be harvested by the landowners and used for personal consumption or sold. Another benefit of restoring the land by integrating trees is that it makes the soil cultivable and fertile again. Some farming families have already started growing fruit and vegetables (bananas, beans, manioc, etc.), which are the basis of their diet, in the shade of the trees planted in 2021.

![Adoniran 2023.jpg](/uploads/Adoniran_2023_62fa68955f.jpg)

### Creation of alternative value chains

In the long term, some tree products will help to revive a local, sustainable economy. Indeed, the species planted in agroforestry will provide high-value raw materials, such as latex produced from rubber tree bark, Mayan walnut seeds, and majambo pods, which contain white, almond-flavored beans. Another economic activity that our partner is about to initiate is beekeeping. Several tree species can already produce flowers, and the honey produced can easily be sold on local markets. Awareness-raising sessions on the use of natural inputs will be organized among producers to ensure the survival of the bees. While it is still too early to witness the results, the creation of these alternative value chains will have many positive impacts, including local job creation.

![Bénéficiaires 23.jpg](/uploads/Beneficiaires_23_1ebd7140e2.jpg)

### Community capacity building

As the communities are at the very heart of the project's implementation and success, their empowerment represents a major focus. Throughout the year, operational workshops were organized by our partner, not only to train participants but also to gather their expectations and feedback. Since the start of activities, communities have been grouped into 20 community co-management committees in the three provinces where the project is being implemented. This structure ensures the smooth running of operations, as well as the organization of regular assemblies and "choba-choba" days and the monitoring of plantings. This participatory approach also promotes the consolidation and sustainability of ecological restoration.

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Land restoration and agroforestry systems implementation in the region of San Martín, Peru

**Registered under the VCS certification standard, the Kuzuko project in South Africa is located in a nature reserve that has protected degraded former pastures to allow the return of the biodiversity that has lived in this landscape for thousands of years. Thanks to the complementary expertise of AfriCarbon and Reforest’Action, the project aims to restore 5,185 hectares of Portulacaria afra-dominated thicket, a tree species known locally as spekboom, to help re-establish the original plant community and habitat of this extraordinary indigenous fauna. In addition to the climatic action linked to carbon sequestration, it will be the source of a vast array of environmental and socio-economic benefits that will be closely monitored throughout the project, within a veritable open-air laboratory dedicated to the restoration of the living.**

<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/M5xePCUGkRo?si=vouLHP0Bb2c_wk_D" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>

## The origins of a large-scale project

### The beginnings of Reforest’Action’s involvement
Reforest’Action’s commitment in South Africa dates back to 2020. With the aim of contributing to the restoration of the the Albany thicket, a lasting partnership was formed that year with the South African company AfriCarbon, backed by twenty years of research and experimentation applied to these unique ecosystems. The result was the launch of an initial project in the Eastern-Cape province, enabling 200 hectares of thicket to be restored by planting 500,000 spekboom seedlings.
Strengthened by the mutual trust they had built up over the course of this first joint project, Reforest’Action and AfriCarbon decided in the spring of 2022 to take their ambition to the next level. Given the colossal financing requirements needed to make progress towards the goal of restoring all the degraded thickets in the region, the two organisations turned to the voluntary carbon market.
As part of the Kuzuko project, which aims to restore 5,185 hectares of spekboom thicket within a protected nature reserve, a PDD (a document describing the planning of a carbon project and its compliance with certification requirements) had already been drafted in 2014 for submission to the international VCS standard by Anthony Mills, founder of AfriCarbon. But the latent state of the voluntary carbon market over the last decade meant that the Kuzuko project was unable to find funding.

![Anthony-Mills-with-spekboom-ReforestAction-AL-Avril.jpg](/uploads/Anthony_Mills_with_spekboom_Reforest_Action_AL_Avril_e3c49fa49c.jpg)
_Anthony Mills (AfriCarbon) in front of a large spekboom in Kuzuko_

### A synergy between two complementary areas of expertise
As funding partner, Reforest’Action then joined the Kuzuko project’s carbon certification process and contributed its expertise in drawing up and supervising the business plan to guarantee the project’s financial integrity and secure the investment needed to launch restoration operations. 
In support of AfriCarbon, Reforest’Action also helped to finalize the protocols for measuring the carbon sequestration enabled by the project, as well as projecting its environmental and socio-economic impacts beyond climate action alone. At the same time, a rigorous monitoring and reporting process has been put in place to check - and adjust if necessary - these various parameters, ensuring that they comply with the VCS certification standards.
In the field, the scientists of the AfriCarbon team implement the project design as they conceived it, drawing on their expertise in botany and soil science. They coordinate all the technical operations, apply the monitoring process for the growth of the trees and the impacts generated, and ensure the control and quality assurance of the data collected. 
The combination of Reforest’Action’s and AfriCarbon’s complementary areas of expertise makes Kuzuko a particularly robust and ambitious project for restoring ecosystems.

![Robbert-Duker-&-Quentin-Guyon-in-Kirkwood-nursery-ReforestAction-AL-Avril.jpg](/uploads/Robbert_Duker_and_Quentin_Guyon_in_Kirkwood_nursery_Reforest_Action_AL_Avril_64da7ae984.jpg)
_Robbert Duker (AfriCarbon) and Quentin Guyon (Reforest'Action) at one of the project's nurseries_

## A project to restore the spekboom thicket biome 

### A project designed around the VCS and CCB certification
The Kuzuko project is now registered under the VCS (Verified Carbon Standard) certification, one of the most widely used international standards for contributing to global neutrality linked to the voluntary carbon market. This standard, managed by Verra, a not-for-profit organisation, guarantees that the tonnes of CO2 equivalent sequestered thanks to the deployment of the project meet certain quality criteria.
Within Verra’s registry, Kuzuko corresponds to the ARR (Afforestation, Reforestation & Revegetation) typology, attributed to projects that develop forest carbon sinks by restoring vegetation cover. By encouraging carbon sequestration, the project contributes to achieving global carbon neutrality.
The project will be audited every four years for thirty years by the Validation & Verification Body, an organisation approved by Verra which provides validation and verification services in accordance with the rules of the VCS standard. Each verification will generate certified carbon credits, corresponding to the amount of carbon actually sequestered by the trees planted as part of the project. 
The Kuzuko project is also in the process of being certified to the CCB (Climate, Community & Biodiversity) standard managed by Verra. This standard certifies that the project generates positive impacts on the climate and incorporates best practice in terms of community involvement and biodiversity conservation. 
Combining the VCS and CCB certifications guarantees the quality of the carbon credits generated by the project, while providing additional benefits that go beyond carbon mitigation measures.

![Workers-planting-spekboom-ReforestAction-AL-Avril.jpg](/uploads/Workers_planting_spekboom_Reforest_Action_AL_Avril_b16cb2b4f2.jpg)
 
### A project anchored in a biodiversity sanctuary
Located 150 kilometres from Port Elizabeth, in South Africa’s Eastern-Cape province, the Kuzuko reserve was created in 2002 through the protection of degraded land from 18 former goat farms. Thanks to the rewilding work carried out up until the reserve’s inauguration in 2008 to promote nature-based ecotourism, these degraded former pastures have been transformed into a veritable reservoir of animal biodiversity, now home, over an area of 15,000 hectares, to emblematic species of South Africa’s indigenous fauna, including elephants and rhinoceroses, Cape zebras and greater kudu, lions and cheetahs.

![South-Africa-Kuzuko.jpg](/uploads/South_Africa_Kuzuko_35d199db1e.jpg)

![Elephant-2-ReforestAction-AL-Avril.jpg](/uploads/Elephant_2_Reforest_Action_AL_Avril_c53e466ae2.jpg)

In terms of plant biodiversity, however, the removal of the goats and the respect of the ecosystem’s carrying capacity for two decades were not enough to regenerate the native vegetation of the arid Albany thicket, which was originally dominated - up to 80% of their vegetation - by a succulent species, Portulacaria afra. This tree, endemic to southern Africa and known locally as spekboom, is an essential pioneer species for the development and maintenance of a diverse plant community. 
"Our research has established that a third of the area now covered by the Kuzuko reserve was dominated by spekboom thickets two centuries ago, representing more than 5,000 hectares" says Anthony Mills, PhD in soil science and founder of AfriCarbon. " Today, the Kuzuko reserve has allowed the return of the wildlife that this landscape has known for thousands and thousands of years, but the current state of the vegetation is not adapted to its needs. This is the whole point of the restoration project that Reforest’Action and AfriCarbon are carrying out at Kuzuko: to re-establish the original habitat of this extraordinary indigenous wildlife and to contribute, on the scale of 5,185 hectares, to the restoration of the Albany arid thicket biome."
Twenty years of scientific research have proved that spekboom has a central role to play in this restoration, through its ability to act on soil health and the water cycle, and to create the microclimate needed for the resurgence of a rich plant community. This engineer species, with its extraordinary physiological adaptation, is at the heart of the design of the Kuzuko project.

![Cheetah-ReforestAction-AL-Avril.jpg](/uploads/Cheetah_Reforest_Action_AL_Avril_002dc184ad.jpg)

### A project built on science and technology
On the ground, operations are managed by Robbert Duker, PhD in environmental plant physiology and AfriCarbon’s Chief Operations Officer, who is, with his team, based full-time within the Kuzuko reserve. 

![Robbert-Duker-in-Kirkwood-nursery-ReforestAction-AL-Avril.jpg](/uploads/Robbert_Duker_in_Kirkwood_nursery_Reforest_Action_AL_Avril_f21db6701f.jpg)
_Robbert Duker (AfriCarbon) at one of the project's nurseries_

By identifying the areas to be restored within the reserve, which currently consist of moderately or severely degraded thickets, AfriCarbon was able to use rigorous mapping to divide the 5,185 hectares concerned into 1,730 plots, thereby defining a plan to be followed during the planting operations.
 
![Project-Map-Kuzuko.jpg](/uploads/Project_Map_Kuzuko_bd845d4287.jpg)

Three nurseries have been set up to produce the 25,9 million spekboom needed to restore the 5,185 hectares of degraded thicket. The cuttings, harvested from intact remnants of spekboom thickets, are raised in these nurseries, which provide them with the optimum conditions for their growth.
 
![Harvesting-Spekboom-ReforestAction-AL-Avril.jpg](/uploads/Harvesting_Spekboom_Reforest_Action_AL_Avril_ddb27a4ccd.jpg)
Récolte de boutures de spekboom à Kuzuko

Today, the Kuzuko project employs around 300 people, who are housed and fed throughout the working week in purpose-built facilities. Planting began in September 2022 and will be completed by the end of December 2023. Around six months after planting, AfriCarbon carries out an initial monitoring to check that the trees are in good health and, if necessary, to organize maintenance work. This will then be repeated once a year. 

![Planting-Spekbooms-ReforestAction-AL-Avril.jpg](/uploads/Planting_Spekbooms_Reforest_Action_AL_Avril_14c9bfde2c.jpg)

## The monitoring of impact indicators to reflect the added value of the project

### Climate: measuring carbon sequestration
For a carbon project such as Kuzuko, monitoring carbon sequestration throughout the life of the project is a central aspect. A project scenario is defined and compared with a baseline scenario, which determines the amount of carbon that would have been sequestered if the project had not been implemented. The comparison between the baseline scenario and the project scenario is then used to estimate the additional sequestration actually enabled by the project.
The spekboom’s remarkable ability to rapidly fix CO2 - and therefore remove it from the atmosphere - makes this tree an asset for mitigating climate change on a global scale. Restoring spekboom thickets thus increases the carbon storage capacity of above-ground and underground biomass (all organic plant matter), as well as that of the soil.
Based on years of research and experimentation with spekboom thickets, the carbon sequestration target for the Kuzuko project is 1.7 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent over the 30-year credit period. This target includes a 20% buffer, which reduces the final sequestration value of tonnes of CO2 equivalent. This estimated carbon storage will be measured in real terms every four years by field surveys and verified by an audit conducted by the VCS standard.

![William-measuring-carbon-in-soil-ReforestAction-AL-Avril.jpg](/uploads/William_measuring_carbon_in_soil_Reforest_Action_AL_Avril_3614260061.jpg)
_William Gummow (AfriCarbon) taking samples to measure soil organic carbon_

### Soil, biodiversity, communities: 3 pillars of the project 
The construction of a baseline scenario and a project scenario also applies to other impact indicators, which will be scrupulously monitored through a monitoring plan defined by AfriCarbon in conjunction with Reforest’Action. 
"When it comes to measuring the impact of the project, we look beyond carbon sequestration" explains Quentin Guyon, Project Manager in charge of developing the Kuzuko project for Reforest’Action. "We also take into account all the added value of the project, beyond the climate action alone, for soil quality, the development of biodiversity and the living conditions of local communities, by assessing the initial state of each indicator and observing its evolution throughout the life of the project."
In terms of improving soil conditions, various indicators will be monitored throughout the project on permanent plots, such as soil temperature, density, infiltration and water retention rates, and erosion rates.

![Contrast-between-restored-thicket-soil-and-degraded-thicket-soil-ReforestAction-AL-Avril.jpg](/uploads/Contrast_between_restored_thicket_soil_and_degraded_thicket_soil_Reforest_Action_AL_Avril_253e557da6.jpg)
_Contrast between moist soil sampled under a spekboom and arid soil sampled in the open_

With regard to the project's impact on biodiversity, the monitoring plan involves, in particular, monitoring the diversity of flora, the number of bird species, endangered species and pollinators.

![Greater-Kudu-ReforestAction-AL-Avril.jpg](/uploads/Greater_Kudu_Reforest_Action_AL_Avril_e87532782c.jpg)
_Spekboom (in foreground) provides habitats and a resilient food source for native wildlife_ 

The socio-economic dimension is also a fully-fledged component of the project, which contributes directly to reducing local poverty levels. As part of the project, all the staff involved in the activities - harvesting spekboom cuttings, maintaining the nurseries, transporting the seedlings to the plots, planting the trees, activities linked to the infrastructures to accommodate the workers (kitchen, maintenance, shuttle service, etc.) - represent the creation of more than 300 jobs over an 15-month period, which could be extended thanks to the continued restoration of spekboom thickets in other degraded areas of the Eastern-Cape. 

![Monwabisi-worker-on-thicket-restoration-ReforestAction-AL-Avril.jpg](/uploads/Monwabisi_worker_on_thicket_restoration_Reforest_Action_AL_Avril_f60ca4b0e5.jpg)

![Harvesting-spekboom-2-ReforestAction-AL-Avril.jpg](/uploads/Harvesting_spekboom_2_Reforest_Action_AL_Avril_c5da395712.jpg)
_Monwabisi Manene and Zukiswa Davids, two workers employed on the Kuzuko project._

The social benefits also extend to the younger generation, as the project provides funding, through the Kuzuko Foundation Trust, for two primary schools located in Middlewater and Bracefield. The funds will be used to improve infrastructure, provide schoolchildren with quality teaching materials and contribute to their environmental education, teaching them the value of natural ecosystems and biodiversity from an early age.

**The Kuzuko project demonstrates the ability of carbon-certified projects to extend their impact far beyond climate benefits, by promoting soil health, fostering biodiversity and improving living conditions for human communities. This holistic approach contributes to the restoration of valuable ecosystem services and the regeneration of the living in a sustainable way. While the challenge of restoring the thickets ecosystems in South Africa is a major one, with a degraded area of over one million hectares, the impacts of the Kuzuko project have the potential to be multiplied as future actions are carried out by AfriCarbon and Reforest’Action. Strengthened by this initial experience at Kuzuko, the two organisations will be pursuing their joint ambition to restore this unique biome over the coming years.**

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- _The Kuzuko project was notably funded by Capgemini, a global leader in partnering with companies to transform and manage their business by harnessing the power of technology. Capgemini is committed to a 90% decarbonization by 2040 and in addition is investing in high integrity carbon credits to abate and remove carbon from beyond their own value chain._
- _The scientific information and figures concerning the physiological characteristics of spekboom come from interviews conducted by Reforest'Action with Anthony Mills, Doctor of Soil Science and Founder of AfriCarbon, and Robbert Duker, Doctor of Plant Environmental Physiology and Chief Operations Officer of AfriCarbon, or from their published, peer-reviewed scientific work._
- _All the photographs illustrating this article were taken by Reforest'Action._

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Kuzuko: a certified carbon project to restore the living

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2019-2020_Mont Kenya_Kenya

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Croton megalocarpus

Podocarpus falcatus

Cèdre rose

Tomate en arbre

Avocatier

Vitex keniensis

Prunier d'Afrique

Chêne soyeux

Waterberry

Calliandra calothyrsus

Markhamia

- Restauration d'une zone patrimoniale - Valorisation de terres à faible valeur ajoutée. - Génération de sources de revenus - Amélioration de la nutrition des familles. - Sensibilisation auprès des écoles du secteur - Formation des agriculteurs locaux aux méthodes de suivi et d'entretien de leurs plantations - Formation des femmes et de responsables locaux aux techniques de mise en pépinière

NO_POVERTY

ZERO_HUNGER

GOOD_HEALTH_AND_WELL_BEING

QUALITY_EDUCATION

AFFORDABLE_AND_CLEAN_ENERGY

DECENT_WORK_AND_ECONOMIC_GROWTH

REDUCED_INEQUALITIES

SUSTAINABLE_CITIES_AND_COMMUNITIES

RESPONSIBLE_CONSUMPTION_AND_PRODUCTION

CLIMATE_ACTION

LIFE_ON_LAND

PARTNERSHIP_FOR_THE_GOALS

Supports human well-being, by providing resources, income, education, empowerment, and supporting culture and spirituality.

Influences the quality and integrity of the soil-water system, and the cycling of water and nutrients.

Contributes to the mitigation of the greenhouse effect and influences precipitation patterns and the local microclimate.

Preservation of local biodiversity by providing suitable habitats and resources.

As a result of population growth, crop expansion, and deforestation to produce charcoal, Kenya has just 7% forest cover, compared with 18% in the early 1960s. Massive deforestation has a major impact on local populations: over 300,000 members of various ethnic groups, such as the Kikuyu and Maasai, depend on Mount Kenya's forests and its resources, such as fruit, medicinal plants, and water, for their daily livelihoods. In recent years, droughts have become more frequent, partly as a result of deforestation in the region. In this rapidly changing socio-climatic context, the project led by the local association Trees for Kenya focuses on restoring Mount Kenya's natural ecosystem and improving the food security of the people who live in this area.

The Mount Kenya forest underwent massive deforestation between the 1960s and the 1990s. That's why the Kenyan government is now encouraging NGOs and local communities to restore the forest by planting indigenous trees. The NGO Trees For Kenya has been working in the Mount Kenya region since 2012, in partnership with the Kenya Forest Service, which is in charge of protecting the country's natural forests. Since then, Trees For Kenya has planted over 350,000 trees, sourced from local nurseries, within the Mount Kenya forest. 

In the heart of the protected forest of Mount Kenya, Maison Hennessy, Reforest'Action and their local partner Trees for Kenya have joined forces to finance and implement a reforestation project with a triple goal. In the highlands, the project is helping to restore the forest of Mount Kenya National Park, which is essential to the proper functioning of the water cycle. Downstream, in the middle and lowlands cultivated with tea and coffee plantations, the creation of agroforestry garden forests aims to support the socio-economic development of farming communities. In addition to forestry work, the project also raises awareness among farming communities about the many benefits of planting trees on their land. Thirdly, by distributing trees to schools in the area, the project includes an educational dimension designed to involve the younger generation. 

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Spekboom

Reforest’Action is joining forces with C4 EcoSolutions and AfriCarbon, two South African companies into the protected reserves of Kuzuko and Koedoeskloof. The goal is to restore these ecosystems by planting more than 500,000 seeds of Spekboom, a local species which is essential to the ecological functioning of the region. The project will develop a new sustainable grazing management system to improve the carrying capacity of livestock without degrading the environment. Numerous benefits will also be generated: the return of biodiversity, including a population of elephants, rainwater infiltration improvement, restoration of arable land and improve the living conditions of the local populations.

Within the Eastern Cape, in South Africa, land desertification is due to the increasing pressure of livestock on pastureland. Nowadays, the increasing scarcity of vegetation cover and the degradation of local farmers’ land and surrounding reserves are causing many negative environmental effects, such as the drying up of water resources, loss of biodiversity and soil erosion. The plantation areas are made up of former degraded pastures, and are located close to areas that have been protected for several decades.

The project is led in the field by Anthony Mills, a geochemist and expert in environmental development projects. He is the founder of two companies, AfriCarbon in 2009 and C4 EcoSolutions in 2015, which ensure the technical and operational deployment of the project.

Reforest’Action is joining forces with C4 EcoSolutions and AfriCarbon, two South African companies into the protected reserves of Kuzuko and Koedoeskloof. The goal is to restore these ecosystems by planting seeds of Spekboom, a local species which is essential to the ecological functioning of the region. The project will develop a new sustainable grazing management system to improve the carrying capacity of livestock without degrading the environment. Numerous benefits will also be generated: the return of biodiversity, including a population of elephants, rainwater infiltration improvement, restoration of arable land and improve the living conditions of the local populations.

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Arbousier

Pin parasol

Chêne liège

Caroubier

Pin maritime

Ce projet prend racine en Algarve dans le sud du Portugal où de sévères incendie ont fait rage ces dernières années et qui ont dévasté des centaines de milliers d'hectares. Ici c’est l’épisode de 2018 qui a dévasté les terres où le projet prends place. Il y a toujours eu des feux dans les régions mais ils prennent une ampleurs inédite ces dernières années, accentués par les sècheresses et les canicules récurrente. De plus les pratiques sylvicoles et agricoles intensives participent aussi à la dégradation des milieux et des sols. La tâche est immense afin de reconstituer ces écosystèmes détruits. Mais grâce à la prise de conscience de certaines parties prenantes locales avec qui nous travaillons, propriétaires, gestionnaires et administrations territoriales ont lancé des campagnes massives de reforestation avec une attention toute particulière accordée aux risques incendies.

CLEAN_WATER_AND_SANITATION

Supports human well-being, by providing resources, income, education, and supporting recreation and heritage.

This ambitious project to restore forest areas devastated by fire has its roots in Algarve. The fire that raged there in 2018 is part of a long series of fires in the region. The impact of these fires was amplified by a lack of resources and unsuitable silvicultural practices. With hundreds of thousands of hectares of forest affected, the task is immense. International solidarity funds have made it possible to collect and distribute money in the field. A real awareness seems to be developing among local players, who are adapting their forest management to the risk of wildfire. This large-scale project involves the planting of 60,115 trees over 70 hectares this year, to restore the stands damaged by the fires. Species such as cork oak, pin oak, white willow, arbutus and eucalyptus are being planted at a density of 1,250 trees/hectare, with the aim of diversifying regional tree species.

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Pin noir

Chêne faginé

Chêne tauzin

Aulne glutineux

Merisier

Sorbier des oiseleurs

Châtaignier

Ce projet a pris racine en 2017  à Palencia, en plein centre de la région autonome de Castilla-y-León (Espagne) . Les enjeux forestiers de cette région sont très importants : la déprise agricole y est très forte, à cause notamment d'un exode rural très important. D'autre part, de nombreux feux de forêts ont sévi ces dernières années, dégradant ainsi profondément la biodiversité, les sols ainsi que les paysages. L'ampleur du projet ayant fortement progressé, les projets s'étendent désormais sur toute la région. L'objectif principal du projet est de restaurer un écosystème forestier diversifié qui avait disparu, pour qu'il puisse délivrer à nouveau de la biodiversité tout en laissant aux populations locales un paysage naturel restauré qui redynamisera aussi bien le tourisme que l'économie. Tout cela se faisant bien sûr dans un contexte de lutte contre les changements climatiques. Cette année-là, 8 nouvelles zones de plantation se rajoutent avec 60 056 arbres plantés.

This project took root in 2017 in Palencia, in the heart of the autonomous region of Castilla-y-León (Spain). The region faces major forestry challenges, with a high level of agricultural abandonment, due in particular to a large-scale rural exodus. In addition, numerous forest fires have broken out in recent years, causing severe damage to biodiversity, soils and landscapes. The scope of the project has grown considerably, and projects now cover the entire region. The main aim of the project is to restore a diverse forest ecosystem that had disappeared, so that it can once again deliver biodiversity, while leaving the local population with a restored natural landscape that will revitalize both tourism and the economy. All this, of course, in the context of the fight against climate change. That year, 8 new planting zones were added, with 60,056 trees planted.

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Pin du Mexique

Aulne andin

Eucalyptus

Cyprès

Recovery of degraded soils: conservation of water sources and fight against desertification - Valorisation of low value land. - Generation of income sources - Improvement of family nutrition. Protection and management of plantations in the initial phase Training in sustainable agriculture and pastoralism Social awareness of forestry and environmental issues Training and technical assistance in forestry and environmental management (installation and management).

At an altitude of over 2,000 meters, the misty landscape of the Piura highlands is deceptive. This is indeed an arid ecosystem, made up of sparse dry forests threatened by desertification. The harsh climate is compounded by deforestation, a consequence of growing agricultural needs. According to the Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre, over 600,000 hectares of forest have been illegally cleared in the Piura region over the past twenty years. The province of Huancabamba, where the project financed by Reforest'Action is located, suffers the highest rate of deforestation. The near absence of vegetation exposes arable soils to water and wind erosion. Fires, which feed on the scanty brushwood, also represent a growing threat, while long periods without rainfall are dangerously drying up water resources.

Reforest’Action is associated with the Peruvian NGO Progreso, founded in 1993\. The NGO has more than 25 years of experience in the development of agroforestry systems, the improvement of food security for the populations of the Piura region and the fight against climate change. The Progreso team works hand in hand with local district governments and farming communities. Progreso will ensure the monitoring of the planted trees and raise awareness among villagers about sustainable agriculture and the importance of preserving forests.

Starting in 2019, this is the second natural ecosystem regeneration project financed by Reforest'Action in Peru. On the highlands of the Piura region and in partnership with Peruvian NGO PROGRESO, the actions carried out aim to regenerate the eroded soil and to fight against desertification. In this context, planting trees is an effective way of improving the soil, with many positive cascading effects: better water infiltration, control of water erosion, barrier against mudslides, recovery and maintenance of water resources, and improved soil fertility. At the surface, tree crowns act as windbreaks against wind erosion. Besides, the presence of vegetation in the landscape also generates a more humid microclimate, conducive to agriculture and livestock farming.

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Cybistax antisyphilitica

Bactris gasipaes

Carapa de Guyane

Food inga

Schizolobium amazonicum

Mauritia flexuosa

Cedrela fissilis

Acajou du Honduras

Astronium lecointei

Copaiba Angelim

Reforest'Action is partnering with Rioterra, to implement a reforestation project in the State of Rondônia, in the southwest of the Brazilian Amazon. This state is part of the “deforestation arc” formed by vast territories where the agricultural frontier and deforestation have greatly increased in recent decades. The aim of this project is to restaure forest in Rio Preto Jacunda Extractivist reserve by the creation of fruit forests. The project also aims to carry out environmental awareness and education programs among local and traditional populations

Bénéfices estimés des arbres plantés ou préservés

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Actualités de Reforest'Action

China: in the precious land of Guizhou, Maison Hennessy contributes to the fight against rocky desertification through reforestation

Land restoration and agroforestry systems implementation in the region of San Martín, Peru

Kuzuko: a certified carbon project to restore the living